How Could E-learning Help People to Understand More About Malaria Essay

How Could E-learning Help People to Understand More About Malaria - Essay Example This essay stresses that e-learning also gives the instructor a lot of options in the way through which information is compiled and presented. This allows the entity providing the service to reach out to a more diverse customer base. This could also include various local processes and participants who might benefit from enhanced options and processes of updating their knowledge about a given phenomenon. Malaria has three main pointers of spread and this includes: breeding, contact and injection by the primary vector, mosquitoes. The main difficulty in malaria control lies in the fact that the mosquitoes and parasites’ ability to evolve and circumvent tools and systems used to control them. The main intervention systems include the control of breeding by maintaining more hygienic environments and proper systems and processes of preventing malaria bearing mosquitoes from breeding their young. This paper makes a conclusion that the website has to be functional and it has to meet the needs of all stakeholders, including the users and other third party stakeholders. It will also need to meet all the desires of donors and get their submissions brought into the fore. Therefore, there is the need for all primary stakeholders to be involved. This means that a detailed interview with all stakeholders including the government authorities, NGOs, volunteering organisations, community members and community leaders are also important. E-Commerce will be a crucial aspect and process.

Inhibitory Or Excitatory Potential Changes :: Biology Biological Papers

Inhibitory Or Excitatory Potential Changes Graded potentials can be either hyperpolarizations (inhibitory) or depolarizations (excitatory). Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, also referred to as IPSP, is the temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to exit the cell (carrying a positive charge with them) or for the chloride ions to enter the cell (carrying a negative charge with them). Inhibition is not just the absence of excitation, it is an active brake that is able to suppress the excitatory responses from occurring (Kalat, 2004). Excitatory postsynaptic potential, also known as EPSP, is a graded depolarization. As a result of sodium ions enter the cell, excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs. As a result of the synaptic activation, the sodium gates open, allowing an increase in the flow of sodium ions crossing the membrane. Excitatory postsynaptic potential is a subthreshold event that decays over space and time, meaning its magnitude decreases as it travels along the membrane (Kalat, 2004). Lithium has both inhibitory and excitatory features. Evidence has shown that lithium alters sodium transportation (http://www.mentalhealth.com). In the extracelluar fluid lithium may replace sodium. During the process of depolarization lithium has an extremely rapid intracellular influx. Although, it is not effectively removed by the sodium-potassium pump. According to Kalat (2004) the sodium-potassium pump, "[is] a protein complex that repeatedly transports three sodium ions out of the cell while drawing two potassium ions into the cell" (p. 41). As a result, it prevents the cellular reentry of potassium. This interferes with the electrolyte distribution across the neuronal membrane, resulting in a decrease in the membrane potential, changes in conduction and neuronal excitability. As measured by cortical evoked potential, for humans lithium alters the excitability of the central nervous system (http://www.mentalhealth.com). Lithium enhances the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the synaptosomes, thus reducing their action. Lithium also reduces the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles and inhibits production of cAMP. "Lithium inhibits the synthesis of cAMP by the adenylyl cyclase in many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, caudate, and hippocampus, but not the brain stem or cerebellum" (Feldman, Meyer & Quenzer, 1997). "The inhibitory action of lithium on NE-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is a consistent finding, but lithium clearly has distinctive effects on the adenylyl cyclase that is coupled with receptors

Accepting Ones Heritage in Everyday Use

Accepting Ones Heritage in Everyday Use Ember Eslinger February 24, 2010 English219-M Essay 1 Individuals’ identities are formed and moulded by how he or she chooses to accept and preserve their culture. One might believe that it is important to have the chance to pass down the stories of their past and the significance of their family treasures. Another opinion one might have in saving one’s heritage may be simply possessing family heirlooms. This paper focuses on the importance of experiencing people’s heritage and being proud of it; despite hardships and stereotypes.In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker it is evident that the antagonist is interested in preserving her heritage for the wrong reasons. Common sense seems to dictate that Mama is more sympathetic towards Maggie because they have more in common and share the respect for their heritage. Some critics believe that Mama possibly favours Maggie when it comes to the admiration and respect of their heritage. Even though Dee claims she’s become more knowledgeable about her African-American culture, Mama doesn’t believe that her heart is in it.It’s almost as if she has shed her identity to satisfy this mistaken image that’s imbedded in her head of what being true to her African-American culture is all about. When Mama realizes the only reason Dee came home was to claim their family’s old quilts so she could hang them on the wall, Mama becomes resentful and disappointed towards her for not valuing the sentimentality behind her family’s heirlooms. Having the quilts hang on the wall of her house for everyone to see is essentially a reminder of her superior social and economic status.Mama believes Dee is ignorant and naive towards her own inheritance. By conforming to the white Americans view of the African-American traditions she’s cheating herself out of both cultures. She’s both and neither at the same time. Although Walker does not directly state, Dee’s character seems ashamed of how Mama and Maggie live their lives. The short story supports the fact that Mama puts her foot down when Dee tries to take the quilts even though they were promised to Maggie.When Maggie tries to willingly allow Dee to take the quilts Mama steps in and insists Dee take some of the other ones. Some might believe Mama is unfair when it comes to her daughters, when really she’s handling the situation as her mother and grandmother would have handled it, supporting her idea of preserving heritage. Maggie, the younger of the two daughters, is covered in scars from when their old house went up in flames. The scars symbolize the almost uncomfortable state in which Maggie lives. Although she is content with what she has, she will probably never have more.Her quiet, withdrawn character helps readers see the contrast between the two sisters. Similarly their complete opposite views of their heritage. Dee h as a superficial idea of her heritage and prefers appearance over substance; how things appear on the outside, rather than the in depth meaning. Maggie on the other hand has respect for and is very aware of where she came from. Evidence from the text supports the idea that Maggie knew a great deal more than Dee about the significance of many family heirlooms.Like Mama, Maggie is able to take pride in the practical aspects of her nature and their lack of education does not prevent them from appreciating their heritage and those who came before them. Maggie values the importance of experiencing her heritage rather than putting in on display. She’s an utilitarian whose everyday use of the quilts remind her of her family ties and especially of her Grandma Dee. Because Mama and Maggie share not only cultural beliefs but also physical attributes Walker makes it clear that Mama is able to better relate with Maggie over Dee.Along with accusing Mama of not understanding her own herita ge, Dee furiously states that â€Å"‘Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts! She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use. ’† (Walker 253) Unfortunately for Dee, Mama sides with Maggie in hope that she would use them. Earlier in the story, Dee tries to prove her knowledge about the quilts but she only states how they were made from pieces of dresses her Grandma used to wear, nothing about either Grandpas clothing scraps.She finished her argument with what she thought was a strong statement about how they were all stitched by hand by her Grandma Dee, when in fact Mama and Big Dee also helped create the works of art. To Mama the quilts have a deeper meaning. When she moves up to touch the quilts, she is reaching out to touch the people whom the quilts represent. Mama is more willing to pass down the quilts to Maggie because she believes Maggie is able to make the same connection as she does to the quilts.Mama and Maggie are able share t he belief that the true meaning behind every family heirloom comes from the memories in which that item has made, so even when the object is no more, the memories are still able to live on through one’s bequest. In this short story, Walker indirectly focuses on the fact that Maggie is following in Mama’s footsteps and that it is very likely that she will lead the same lifestyle as Mama has. If one is able to take the time to recognize the recollections of the past through family heirlooms, he or she will more likely be able to understand and value their heritage.In conclusion this paper goes in depth about being true to ones heritage, furthermore, being true to oneself. When it comes to the topic of heritage, most of us will willingly agree that it takes more than knowledge of one’s grandparents’ names and a couple of old quilts to show ones passion and sentiment. In this case, Dee seems content with how she has decided to accept and portray her own herit age whereas most people, including Mama and Maggie, are on the opposite side of the spectrum since they believe it is more important to view your heritage as your entire lives experiences.When it is said that Mama is more sympathetic towards Maggie it is merely stating With that said, to actually have the personal satisfaction of being part of one’s heritage, they first need to accept their own purities and faults. Once you are able to do so, recognizing oneself as a part of one’s heritage should surge naturally.Works Cited Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † Making Arguments about Literature: A Compact Guide and Anthology. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2005. 247-253.

Is Gender Identity the Result of Biology - 946 Words

Human beings are born sexual. They develop a strong sense of being male and female, the human behaviour of being a man or a woman is called gender identity. The characteristics of being a man or a woman involve biological, psychological, and sociological factors. People from all cultures have acted in relationships in different ways that are influenced by their cultural traditions and laws about sex. Human sexuality and how males and females act within the relationship can be considered as physically influenced by biology, for example hormones, brain centres, networks of nerves, and sex organs all shape the character of the male and female. However there are various arguments to this. hjwatson24, please do not redistribute this paper.†¦show more content†¦They state that hormones are linked to the activity of the brain, which can influence the nervous system, which can in turn influence behaviour, personality and emotions. This has been tested through animal experimentation. Some studies showed a link between testerone levels in human males and aggression. Others showed how castrated male rats tend to fight less, while female rats given extra hormones are more aggressive in life than those who have not been given them. This has been criticised by Ruth Bleier (1984), who states that there are numerous flaws in animal experiments, because it would be dangerous to assume that humans behave exactly like animals, furthermore the experiments that were carried out where under un-natural circumstances (laboratory conditions). Anne Oakly agrees with this argument and backs up the criticism of the hormonal explanations by referring to a study she carried out consisting of a boy who underwent an operation at seven months so that she took on the appearance of a girl. At seventeen months old her name was changed from a boy to a girl and later she was dressed in girls clothes. Afterwards her mother commented on how feminine she had become. This strongly suggests that it is environmental influences that have changed her behaviour and not biological matters, because no changes to hormones in the brain were made. ThereShow MoreRelatedGender And Sex Are Kindred, But They re Not1418 Words   |  6 Pages Most people believe gender and sex are kindred, but they’re not. There is a difference between gender and sex. According to OpenStax, â€Å"Sex is how society classifies a person’s genetic and biological anatomy. Gender is how an individual views their identity, regardless of sex. Sex is biological in nature and determines one s biological destiny. Gender, on the other hand, helps define one s role within society†. Sex is based on genetics, whereas gender is based on the environmental surrounding.Read MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesare usually very identified with the particular gender that we happen to be a member of.† This quote by Andrew Cohen explains partially how gender identity develops, through the conditioning of our environments. The most influential factor of gender development, however, is still a very controve rsial issue. An analysis of the gender identification process reveals two main arguments in what factor most greatly contributes to gender development: biology differences (nature) or the environment (nurture)Read MoreThe Current Day And Age Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesIn the current day and age, gender can be a very controversial topic. Back in the early 1950’s, there were very clearly defined gender roles for males and females. It is no longer as simple as it once was to define gender. Factors such as sociocultural influence, the scientific difference between â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex†, and politics all play into gender roles and gender identity. America’s cultural idea of masculinity and femininity can also differ from other cultures making it a unique definitionRead MoreGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Autumn Messina PSY/340 January 24, 2011 Melynda Marchi Gender Identity The development of our gender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmentalRead MoreSexual Dysfunction is the loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function.1000 Words   |  4 Pagesprescribed. Sex therapy is a great way to help treat any of the sexual dysfunctions. Gender-Identity Disorder involve the desire to become a member of the opposite sex. A person that is identified as a girl, acts and feels like a boy. There are some factors that can play a role, but the main cause is unknown. Children with Gender-Identity disorder are likely to become homosexual as they get older. Gender-Identity disorder is NOT the same as homosexuality. A group of sexologist came together to createRead MoreGender Is Not So Much Determined By God Nor By Biology Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesemulate behaviour that’s expected of from one’s allocated gender is not biologically processed. Instead it is a result of social modification. In this essay, one particular theme will be used in order to demonstrate that gender is not so much determined by God nor by biology. Firstly the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ will be defined before the relationship between them is explored in relation to the theme chosen. Secondly evidence that shows that gender is socially constructed will be discussed. The themeRead MoreThe Effects of Hormones and Behavior on Gender Identity1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity PSY 340 February 14, 2010 The effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity The formation of gender identity is not completely understood as it is much more complex than just getting a sperm and egg cell to join; an XX or an XY genotype is only the first part in gender identity. There are many biological, psychological and sociological factors involved. The biological includes chromosomes, gonads, prenatal hormones, internal accessoryRead MoreComparison of One is Not Born a Woman by Wittig and The Second Sex Simone De Beauvoir867 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruction of gender is based on the division of humanity to man and woman. This is impossible ontologically speaking; because the humans are not divided, thus gender is merely an imaginary realm. It only exist in the language exercises, and the way that cultural products are conceived in them. This essay is a preliminary attempt to offer an analysis of ‘One Is Not Born a Woman’ by Wittig and ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone De Beauvoir holds on the language usage contribution to the creation of genders and theRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Theory1301 Words   |  6 PagesMcMillian Due: 12/10/2015 Feminism is gender liberation Feminism needs to be more broadly defined in terms of gender liberation to encompass individuals from all walks of genders (or nongenders). Separating gender nonconforming issues from feminism is erasive; marginalized gender nonconforming individuals should not be told to fend for themselves and their own rights due to a multitude of oppressions experienced by these individuals (based on the prejudicial gender assumptions the patriarchy puts onRead MoreBiological Factors That Affect Sexual Behavior967 Words   |  4 Pagesof a person’s sexuality is influenced by a number of factors including a person’s biological sex, their sexual orientation, their gender identity and roles, and the relationship between all of these factors. Literature Review and Application Biology Biological factors involved in arousal and the human sexual response is essential to the human sexual experience. Biology can influence sexual response through the human sexual response, sexual differentiation, as well as sex hormones. As for the human

Gun Control and Violence in United States of America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 544 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Gun Control Essay Gun Violence Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The United States of America is one of the only few countries that constitutionally protects the right to bear arms. However, people in politics and the news have debated if there should be restrictions on what types or how many guns people can have in an effort to curb gun violence. Thus, when presented with this research project, we wanted to educate ourselves on this topic and look into what factors potentially contribute to gun violence in the United States. Dataset Preparation The question that we based our research project on was what factors could potentially lead to an increase or decrease in a states firearm mortality rate? However, before we could answer this question, we had to decide on some variables that we thought would have an significant impact on our response variable. In the end, we chose to focus on five variables. They were the number of gun laws, gun ownership rates, poverty rates, urban population percent, and the states political party. Our response variable was the firearm mortality rate, which is the number of all firearm deaths per state, both unintentional and intentional, per 100,000 people. When we began looking for data, we first explored Kaggle. However, there wasnt a dataset that had the variables we wanted to research. Thus, we had to gather the different variables through different sources, which was a challenge for us. In order to avoid biased data, we individually gathered firearm data state by state though the CDC and Censu s Bureau. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gun Control and Violence in United States of America" essay for you Create order Our data contained four quantitative variables and one categorical variable. Our first quantitative variable was the number of gun laws. We hypothesized that a increase in the number of restrictions and regulations for guns would decrease the firearm mortality rate. For our second quantitative variable, gun ownership rate, we hypothesized that an increase in amount of guns people have would result in an increase in gun violence. Our third and fourth quantitative variables were the states poverty rate and urban population percent. Our prediction for the poverty rate was higher the rate, the higher the firearm mortality rate. This is because those who are better off financially will move away out of places with high rates of violence leaving those who are financially unable to. For the percent of urban population, we predicted that a state with higher percent would have more violence, hence, a higher percent of gun violence. The last variable we choose was the 2016 political party of a state. We were not sure what to predict for this categorical variable, but we thought it would be interesting to see if there was a relationship between this and the response variable. Multiple Linear Regression After we choose our predictors, we first checked for multicollinearity. Multicollinearity exists when two or more of our independent variables are highly correlated with each other. This is a problem if it exists because it can skew the results of our research. For example, multicollinearity can inflate our standard errors of our coefficients, which means that the results could potentially tell us that a variable is insignificant when it truly is. To test this, we used the VIF test in R Studio. In order to rule out multicollinearity, our VIF factor output would have to be less than ten.

Combat HIV / AIDS And Sub-Saharan Africa - 1363 Words

achieve, with numbers remaining fairly similar over the last couple of decades and growth as small as 2 percent in poorer regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (The Millennium, 2015). For a developed nation, the idea of giving birth to a child without a skilled physician nearby monitoring the situation, or clinician of some degree not assisting with the birthing process is unfathomable. Yet, this is a reality in many developing nations across the world, especially the rural communities such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa. The numbers indicate maternal death due to complications during child birth at being almost 14 times higher in these developing nations compared to their developed counterparts (The Millennium, 2015). The reality of the†¦show more content†¦Overall, the crisis of HIV/AIDS, especially in sub-Saharan Africa is still a major issue. Perhaps the biggest factor is that developed nations have become fairly complacent when considering the disease, as not only has its prevalence dropped significantly in most areas, but treatment through anti-retroviral regimens has managed to increase an infected person’s lifespan to a level almost matchin g an uninfected person’s average lifespan. Those in sub-Saharan Africa face several key issues with this disease. A lack of education regarding HIV/AIDS and a lack of health care facilities and medication to combat HIV/AIDS are perhaps two of the largest. The country unfortunately faces an upcoming crisis, with the youngest generation’s parents and caregivers becoming too sick or succumbing to the disease before vital education, such as the ability to farm a landscape suffering from desertification, is passed on (Sowing Seeds of Hunger). Ensure Environmental Sustainability Ensuring environmental sustainability was created with a focus more on the creation of programs and initiatives, than actual hard target points. With that in mind, the data has unfortunately shown an increase of over 50% in carbon dioxide emissions, a major contributor to global warming, and perhaps an indicator of global reliance on fossil fuels.Show MoreRelatedThe Environment Where Public Administration Is Being Implemented1490 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce socio-economic inequality, combat poverty, and support both social and private sector development, among others. The only way governments can accomplish this is to strengthen the public administrators in order to fulfill these need and ensure that expectations are met. An example of an environment this essay will delve into will be the sub-Saharan African environment. This environment in particular is affected by massive amounts of debt, poverty, HIV/AIDS, other diseases, famine, corruptionRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Virus That Attac ks One s Immune System989 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction HIV/AIDS is a virus that attacks one’s immune system, leading to one being immunocompromised and vulnerable to infections (Skolnik, 2012). According to Skolnik (2012), HIV is mainly spread through unprotected sex, through bodily fluids such as blood and can also be transmitted from mother to child through childbirth. HIV/AIDS remains one of the most highly known communicable diseases in South Africa (Avert, 2015). In addition to the 6.2 million people currently living with HIV, World HealthRead MoreThe Presence And Outbreak Of An Infectious Disease1176 Words   |  5 Pagespandemic that has had far reaching consequences is that of HIV (human immunodeficiency)/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency symptoms), which officially began in 1981 and since has taken the lives of over 39 million people worldwide (PBS). The HIV virus attacks one’s â€Å"T-cells,† which are vital to one’s immune system. Someone infected with the virus becomes increasingly susceptible to contracting infections (Immune System 101). People can contract the HIV virus through the following ways: in their mother’s wombRead MoreHiv Is A Disease?1574 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction HIV is a disease which eventually kills ones immune system, and as time progresses it leads to AIDS. When the HIV enters a human, it attaches itself to a CD4 receptor and continues to enter the T-Cell. It then reprograms the cell to produce more HIV using the enzyme, reverse transcriptase. The HIV then leaves the host cell, but kills it before it leaves. Then, the HIV cells attach their selves to new T cells, and infect those as well. After about 12 weeks, the HIV antibodies appear inRead MorePublic Health Problem Of The United States1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States today is the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, among the American population. Beginning in the 1980s, the U.S. public health system has been working vigorously to come up with effective methods for preventing the spread of this debilitating virus. HIV has persistently stayed within the human population due to the continual transmission of the disease. Before widespread transmission of HIV, th e two most transmissible way of contracting the disease was either usingRead MoreBenefits Of A Voluntary Counselling Center ( Vct )1721 Words   |  7 PagesHIV is considered a worldwide epidemic that is raging out of control especially in the sub-Saharan African countries. Thus being a termed as a chronic disease, rather than a deadly killer disease. It is known to be manageable if one tested early and knew their status, because one is able to seek voluntary counselling from a health provider. These centers are commonly known as voluntary counselling center (VCT) in most African countries. The world Health organization urges everyone worldwide to getRead MoreMedical Schools Are Lesotho And Swaziland890 Words   |  4 PagesThe only two Southern African countries that do not currently have medical schools are Lesotho and Swaziland. These two countries are both landlocked within South Africa so they may utilize the medical schools in South Africa. When looking at the class sizes, i t can be observed that most countries with medical school in South Africa do not produce more than 100 doctors a year. This leaves an extreme need for more doctors in the area because their ratio of doctors to patients is so minute. In comparisonRead MoreThe United Nation s Millennium Development Goals1021 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular goal of the UK’s Millennium Development, goal number six, is the combat of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria in all countries. There are many countries that have made significant progress in the combat of disease; Nigeria is no exception. This is due to Nigeria exponentially increasing there treatment and counseling facilities for HIV/AIDS, along with the distribution of millions of insecticide-treated products to combat malaria. However, this doesn’t mean that their fight is over; and thereRead MoreTo What Extent Have the Millennium Development Goals Been a Success?1743 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor reduction of people living in e xtreme poverty. Accordingly, the proportion of poverty fell to less than one fifth from nearly a third between 1990 and 2004. However, the results are not consistent throughout the world. For instance, the sub-Saharan Africa has not been able to meet any of the set targets. On the contrary, there has been a significant economic growth in some parts of Asia, especially, the Eastern part. The following is a summary of the progress that has been made so far based onRead MoreThe Issue Of Aids And Hiv1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Issue of AIDS and HIV Zoya Siddiqui In today’s world, it often seems like there are more issues to tackle than people have the capacity to handle. There is the global warming, poverty, hunger, wars, political conflicts, refugee conflicts, etcetera. Though all of these can seem daunting and hard to combat, none of them can be accomplished if the world’s population is not healthy. If people do not have the physical strength to think of new and innovative ways to take on these issues, then no progress

Snickers Chocolate’s Global Share Free Essays

Global Candy Sales | | |Market Share |$ Sales in Millions | |Brand |Company |2011 |2012 |2011 |2012* | |Snickers |Mars Inc |1. 7 |1. 8 |$3,286 |$3,572 | |MM’s |Mars Inc |1. We will write a custom essay sample on Snickers Chocolate’s Global Share or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 |1. |$3,380 |$3,494 | |Trident |Kraft Foods Inc |1. 8 |1. 7 |$3,354 |$3,321 | |Reese’s |Hershey Co, The |1. 3 |1. 4 |$2,553 |$2,679 | |Galaxy/Dove |Mars Inc |1. 3 |1. 3 |$2,407 |$2,597 | |Milka |Kraft Foods Inc |1. 3 |1. |$2,530 |$2,510 | |Cadbury Dairy Milk |Kraft Foods Inc |1. 3 |1. 3 |$2,414 |$2,506 | |Orbit |Mars Inc |1. 3 |1. 3 |$2,441 |$2,501 | |Extra |Mars Inc |1. 1 |1. 2 |$2,115 |$2,231 | |Kit Kat |Nestle SA |1. 0 |1. |$1,933 |$1,979 | |Mentos |Perfetti Van Melle Group |0. 9 |0. 9 |$1,649 |$1,711 | U. S. Candy Sales | | |Market Share |$ Sales in Millions | |Brand |Company |2011 |2012 |2011 |2012* | |Reese’s |Hershey Co, The |7. |7. 7 |$2,479 |$2,603 | |M’s |Mars Inc |6. 8 |6. 8 |$2,238 |$2,300 | |Snickers |Mars Inc |5. 5 |6. 0 |$1,815 |$2,020 | |Kit Kat |Hershey Co, The |2. 8 |2. 8 |$917 |$948 | |Twizzlers |Hershey Co, The |2. 3 |2. |$746 |$801 | |Trident |Kraft Foods Inc |2. 2 |2. 0 |$732 |$674 | |Twix |Mars Inc |1. 8 |1. 9 |$598 |$655 | |Extra |Mars Inc |1. 8 |1. 8 |$598 |$610 | |Orbit |Mars Inc |1. 7 |1. |$561 |$549 | |Milky Way |Mars Inc |1. 6 |1. 6 |$516 |$539 | |Galaxy/Dove |Mars Inc |1. 6 |1. 5 |$523 |$504 | |Starburst |Mars Inc |1. 3 |1. 4 |$433 |$467 | |Godiva |Yildiz Holding AS |1. 1 |1. |$373 |$391 | |*2012 figures are projections. Source: Euromonitor Internationa | | | | | |Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race | |Mars-Owned Candy Bar Set to Pass Sibling MM’s, Kraft’s Trident in New Euromonitor Ranking | |By: E. J. Schultz Published: September 20, 2012 | |208share this page | |[pic][pic][pic][pic] | |There is a new candy kingpin. | |Snickers will pass MM’s as the top international confectionery brand by the end of the year, giving the 82-year-old candy bar a satisfying | |victory in the global chocolate wars, according to a projection by Euromonitor International. |Snickers is â€Å"definitely on target to surpass MM’s,† Lee Linthicum, Euromonitor’s global head of food research, told Ad Age. He cited U. S. | |innovations and strong growth in emerging markets as factors in moving the candy bar from No. 3 to No. 1, also surpassing Trident. Going | |forward, the race for the top is now a sibling rivalry because Mars Inc. owns Snickers and MM’s, which are separated by a razor-thin | |margin. | |While a win for Mars, the rankings are a loss for Kraft Foods’ Trident. The gum brand fell from second to third place as projected 2012 | |worldwide sales slipp ed to $3. 2 billion from $3. 35 billion in 2011. Kraft remains the global leader with 14. 7% share when all confectionery| |brands are totaled. But the food giant’s share of the category fell from 14. 8% in 2011, while No. 2 Mars jumped to 14. 4% from 14. 1%, | |according to Euromonitor. | |The shift at the top was first reported by Candy Snack Today, a publication by the National Confectioners Association. | |Among individual brands, the worldwide candy battle remains close and fragmented, with only a fraction of a share point separating the top | |10. |Snickers is expected to surge from $3. 29 billion in global sales last year to $3. 57 billion for 2012, capturing a 1. 8% share, according to | |Euromonitor projections. The brand, whose ad agency is BBDO, has been backed with major media investments in recent years, including Super | |Bowl spots featuring Betty White and Roseanne Barr, who have both stared in the ongoing â€Å"You’re Not You When You’re Hungr y† campaign. | |But M’s — which Mars featured in this year’s Super Bowl spot– is not far behind, growing from $3. 38 billion to $3. 9 billion in global | |sales, according to Euromonitor projections. | |Mr. Linthicum attributed Snickers’ climb to its strong performance in the U. S. , which accounts for a huge share of the global candy market. | |Domestically, the candy bar has aggressively pushed a line extension called Snickers Peanut Butter Squared, which launched last year and | |features two square-shape bars that adds peanut butter to the familiar mix of peanuts, caramel, nougat and milk chocolate. | |Globally, the brand is benefiting from strong growth in Eastern Europe. In Russia, sales have doubled since 2007 to $300 million, partly as | |a result of distribution gains Mars has made by acquiring some ex-Soviet chocolate companies, he said. While that should also help M’s, | |the bite-size candies face more competition in the region, where smaller candies are more established and familiar, Mr. Linthicum said. By | |contrast, candy bars like Snickers are more of a novelty, he said. | |In the U. S. , Hershey Co. ‘s Reese’s is expected to remain the top brand, with a projected $2. 6 billion in sales capturing 7. % market share | |for 2012, according to Euromonitor, which uses a variety of sources to track all sales channels, from Walmart to vending machines. MM’s, | |which is also handled by BBDO, is projected to hold onto the No. 2 slot stateside with 6. 8% share, followed by Snicker’s (6%) and Hershey’s | |Kit Kat (2. 8%). | |Still, Reese’s remains stuck in fourth place globally with 1. 4% share, accord ing to Euromonitor projections. The reasons are twofold: | |Hershey has less of a global footprint than Mars, Mr. Linthicum said. Also, peanut butter is not as popular in Europe as it is in the | |States. It is a â€Å"very uniquely American thing,† he said. â€Å"That sweet-savory juxtaposition of flavors is something of an acquired taste. † | |Mr. Linthicum pinned Trident’s struggles on stiff competition from Wrigley 5, the Mars-owned brand that launched in the states in 2007 with | |slick packaging, innovative flavors and a highly produced ad campaign by Energy BBDO called â€Å"Stimulate Your Senses. † | |The flashy appeal has resonated globally. â€Å"It’s even gaining share in Greece of all places,† Mr. Linthicum said. â€Å"Everywhere they release it| |around the world †¦ it’s worked. † In the U. S. , Wrigley 5 is now the 4th-largest gum brand with a 7. 43% share, according to SymphonyIRI, | |which excludes Walmart. | |Kraft, which on Oct. 1 will split off its candy and snacking business into a company called Mondelez International, is fighting back with | |its first global ad campaign for Trident by Saatchi Saatchi that is more emotional than previous efforts, which had touted functional | |benefits such as oral health and vitamins. Meanwhile, in the States Kraft recently rolled out â€Å"ID Gum by Stride,† featuring artsy packaging | |and a gimmick-filled campaign by Droga5. | How to cite Snickers Chocolate’s Global Share, Essay examples